A complaint letter by members of the Jewish community to the Magistrate against brother Stein and their interference in payment obligations and election issues followed by statement of accused

Identifier	D_0097:714/1820
Title	A complaint letter by members of the Jewish community to the Magistrate against brother Stein and their interference in payment obligations and election issues followed by statement of accused
Subject	Complaint letter, Jewish community, Lazarus and Leopold Stein, The Magistrate of the Free Royal City of Sombor, The Tolerance Tax, Statement, Donations to poor, Judge election
Description	In a complaint letter by members of the Jewish community, David Hollender, Laurentius Hertzeg, Jacobus Stein, Israel Herczeg and Michael Hecht, to the Magistrate, they expressing dissatisfaction about Leopold and and Lazarus Stein and their interference in several issues. Beside payment obligations such as Tolerance Tax or donations to the poor, they are complaining that they influenced election of judge in the Jewish community of Sombor. A detailed statement of the accused on the above issues was also given.
Creator	Lazarus and Leopold Stein; David Hollender, Laurentius Hertzeg, Jacobus Stein, Israel Herczeg and Michael Hecht
Publisher	Historical archive Sombor
Contributor	Lazarus and Leopold Stein; David Hollender, Laurentius Hertzeg, Jacobus Stein, Israel Herczeg and Michael Hecht, Jewish community; The Magistrate of the Free Royal City of Sombor
Date	June 19-20, 1820
Type	Text; A complaint letter and statement of accused
Language	Latin
Coverage	Free Royal City of Sombor, June 1820
Rights	This material has been digitized to expand access while protecting the materials from degradation through physical handling. Access to the digitized material will be granted to all interested parties. The physical copy of the document is available at the Historical Archive Sombor. In the case of citation or use, please state the origin of the material (Istorijski arhiv Sombor / Historical Archives Sombor).

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Original	Translation
Amplissime Magistratus, Domini Singulariter Colendissimi! Si etiam aliquis disordo inter gremiales Judaos obtinet ille non nobis uti ab adverso pretenditur, sed inquietudini instantium adscribi debet; hi enim Scioli omnia illa que alter etiam si sapientissime instituat, non bene facta esse sibi imaginantur hocque tantum rectum, quod sapiunt ipsi putant. Taxa Tolerantialis quam Judai dependere obligantur, pro tuitione aliisque beneficiis quibus in Regno hocce presumentum solvendam habent; cum ergo beneficia hac et tuitio aequalis omnium esset, nihil omnino obverti potest, cum hanc taxam omnes aequaliter solvere non deberemus, neque instantes id pro argumento assumere possunt, quod illi qui facultatibus magis gaudent, plus aliis hoc …… Solvant, hoc enim non procedis ob obligatione perfecta, verum dumtaxat, ex amore erga sua religionis homines et studio miserionibus succurendi, pro quo favore miserior classis gratitudinem suam ut testerur oportet. Ad 2um verum quidem esse quod nos cum consensu etiam reliquorum, pro miseris et ostiatim mendicantibus religionis nostre hominibus liberam hebdomadatim collectam instituendam ordinaverimus aut queso dicant instantes an institutum isthoc mali aliquid in se contineat; Certe nihil cum liberum sit cuique tantundem conforte quantum vires ejus admissunt, ut ab importunitate mendicantium libeuntur; illi autem qui nihil hoc …….. dare potest nihil altique confect. Ad 3um Nos Judicem elegisse verum non est, sed saltem Synagoga antesignanum qui Rationes Ducat quod Simon Hay electus sit per nos hoc eqidem non stat, sed per alios etiam Judaos, illi vero tanto magis eligi potuit cum scriptura quarum rationes ducere valleat et pro functione huc habilis sit, neque hacdum functione huc functus est, alii vero omnes Judei qui habilitatem habuerant, antesignani fuerant. Ad 4a Rabinum non nos sed communitas conduxit neque verum est quod illi 10fni solvantum sed septem florini, sed hec etiam conventio jam ussavit cum instantas preterea temporis alium sibi conduxerint et medio illius jugulari curent pecora. – Domus Comunialis erecta est quidem per nos sed hac ……….. hucdum ab instantibus nihil pretendebamus et cum hec constitutio necessaria fuerit et salutaris sit Amplissimi Magistratus gratioso Judicio relinquimus an non reliqui etiam Judai ad erogationes interea per nos suppeditatos concurrere teneantur, cum commodum pari ratone ex erectione huc persentiant. – Rationes Ecclesia ac 15 annis qualiter nos prestare debeamus cum nec in minimo ad perceptiones in fluxecimus et hec etiam expositio non stat, sum Synagoga moderna non nisi a 11 annis erecta habeatur, quamodo erga a 15 annis rationes pretendi possunt non pervidemus. Ad 5a Sufficiat dicere quod hoc consuetudo sit ubique locorum ut a mactatione pullorum et anserum Rabino aliqua Taxa solvatur et alioquin partem conventionis ejus hec quoque depensio constituit. Ex hac sunt Amplissime Magistratus que in vim ad instantiam isthic adnexam declarandum habemus et cum supplicatione quatenus nos ab iniqua instantiam impetitione absolvere dignaretur. Omni cum venerationis cultu perseverando. Amplissimi Magistratus Humillimi servi Lazarus et Leopoldus Stein Judai gremiales Amplissime Magistratus! Disordo, qui inter Mosaica Religionis gremiales inhabitatores obtineat – silentia amplius preteriri nequit. Enim vero preterquam, quod Quantum Contributionale modernis ordius temporum adjunctis summa cum intensione virium et facultatum nostrarum solvamus, nobis alia quoque onera arbitraria passim, ac megaliter inponuntur quorum summam sequentibus recensendam esse duximus. 1.In repartitione Taxa Tolerantialis – nulla Clavis elaborata habetur, verum depensio eiusdem arbitraria per prepotentes et predominantes Lazarum et Leopoldum fratres Stein nobis imponitur. 2.IIdem fratres Stein induxerunt obligationem collectam omni hebdomada cum defixa et per eos abusive ejecta quantitate pro parte mendicorum Judaicorum faciendi. Quis quaso nos ad officium hocce humanitatis ope nimirum egeno succurendi perfecte obligabit? Si enim annorum Mendici domatim per seu ritus homines sine imploranda elemosina oberrent, cur nostrates idem non facerent, rationem nullam prorsus pervidemus. Inquantum vero prementionatis Lazaro et Leopoldo Stein, derogaminosum esse videretur, ut Mendici Judaici Domos eorundem accedant, libere seu menstrue, seu hebdomadaliter contribuant mendicis, quantum velint, dummodo nos etiam ad similes imperfectas obligationes necessario prestandas non addigamur. 3.In electione Judicis Judaici atque nos …… esse persenti scimus, siquidem is non per communitatem nostram suo modo congregatam eligatur, verum prepotentia antelatorum fratrum Stein nobis nescitis arbitrarie talis preponitur. Id ipsum recentiori casu accidit, ut Perillustris d. Mathias Jozity, qua Magistratualiter /uti asserebat/ ex inissus Templum nostrum ingressus sit, et devotionem nostram interumpendo obligationem tam Simonem Hay pro Judice Judaico recognascendi quam etiam Hebdomadalem Taxam pro parte Mendicorum adrepartitam prestandi, sicut et Taxam Tolerantialem per sepedictos fratres Stein nobis arbitrarie adrepartitam pendendi eo cum jussu imposuit, quod secus - gravem animadversionem experiundam habeamus. Quod attinet. 4.Rem Sacram Vice Rabinus, aut potius Schachterius, quem hucadusque cum solutione 4or fn hebdomadalium habueramus recenter per prerecensitos fratres Stein absque prescitu nostra electus et conductus a 10 florinis Rationes item Ecclesiasticae a 15em annis nec dum prestita preterea Domus in Coemeterio absque prescitu nostro erecta, et exstanta habetur – ad quorum onerum supportationem nos etiam vocamus. 5.Excogitatus est adhuc novior ……. nos delumbandi, ut insuper Schachterio a mactatione pulli 3xr ab ab anseris vero mactatione 9xr solvamus. Supplicamus proinde Amplissimo Magistratui quatenus preexpositos abusus tollere et certam et determinatam intuitu omnium gerendorum negotiorum nobis defigere perseverando. Zomborini 19a Junii 1820. Amplissimus Magistratus humillimi famuli David Hollender, Laurentius Hertzeg, Jacobus Stein, Israel Herczeg et Michael Hecht Judai gremiales. N. Pr. Pol. 543 Determinatum est: Cum Lazaro et Leopoldo Stein fine prestandi desuper Responsi communicari. In Senatu Zombor 20a Junii 1820. Celebrato. Extradatum per Joannem Lippay magistratualiter ordinatus notarius	Exalted Magistrate, esteemed gentlemen! If there is a problem in the Jewish community, it was caused by those who filed the complaint, not us - as they are trying to present. Namely, these ignorant people imagine that what someone wisely devises and decides is bad, holding that the only right thing is what they think. 1. The Tolerance Tax, which Jews are obliged to pay, is charged in this Kingdom for tuition and various other privileges they have. Since these privileges and tuition fees are the same for everyone, it is not at all unusual that we are all obliged to pay the fee in equal measure and what the complainants are trying to cite as an argument that those who enjoy greater opportunities should pay more does not stand. In addition to this obligation, it is natural that out of love for people of our religion and compassion for the unfortunate, we also help those as much as we can, while it is up to the poor to show us due gratitude for that. 2. It is true that we, in agreement with other Jews, have decided to collect donations on a weekly basis for the poor and beggars of our faith, and there is no malversation in that, as the complainants try to insinuate. It is a voluntary contribution in money where everyone contributes in accordance with their abilities to help the beggars and the unfortunate, and those who are not able are not even obliged to give anything. 3. It is not true that the two of us chose a judge, but only a person in charge of the synagogue for the treasury, and Simon Hay was chosen for that position, and not only we, but also other Jews chose him, and only because he is suitable for this position, since to know accounting. This function has been performed before and can be performed by all Jews who understand accounting. 4. The rabbi was also not elected by the two of us, but by the Jewish community, and it is not true that 10 florins are paid to the person in question, but 7, and that is a common tradition and not a novelty, as the complainants try to present. The municipal home was erected on our initiative, and this building was necessary and useful, as the exalted Magistrate estimated when he issued a permit for its construction. It is also not worth insisting on religious donations for 15 years, since we have had a modern synagogue for only 11 years, so we do not see how its maintenance is paid for 15 years, as the complainants claim. 5. Suffice it to say that everywhere it is customary to pay a certain fee to a rabbi for slaughtering chickens and geese, and that is one of the benefits that every rabbi enjoys. This is what we have to state at the request of the exalted Magistrate on the subject of the appeal attached here, and we ask that the complaint in question be declared completely unfounded. With respect and appreciation Humble servants Of the Exalted Magistrate Lazarus and Leopold Stein Members of the Jewish community Exalted Magistrate! The problem that exists among the members of the community of the Moses faith can no longer be ignored and kept silent about. Especially since we are not able to pay the new levies and taxes that have been imposed on us lately, and that is extremely flat, and in our opinion, the lump sum expenses are very high and burdensome for us, so we think that the following should be well considered: 1. There is no well-thought-out system in collecting the Tolerance Tax, but its payment is imposed on us by the powerful and hanged brothers Lazar and Leopold Stein. 2. These same Stein brothers introduced the obligation to collect a weekly contribution for beggars among the Jews, and we hold that they are abusing it. Namely, who has the power to force us who are poor ourselves to collect voluntary contributions? Namely, if the beggars have been going door to door asking for alms for years, we see no reason to be forced to collect a voluntary contribution for them. It is all the more inappropriate that beggars among Jews certainly come to the homes of the mentioned brothers Lazar and Leopold Stein on a monthly and weekly basis, so they can give them as much as they want, while we are not obliged to fulfill such and similar obligations. 3. We have no influence on the election of a judge among the Jews, because he is not elected by gathering our community for that, but by the pure will of the mentioned Stein brothers and by criteria unknown to us. Recently, it happened that the Most Reverend Mr. Matija Jozić entered our temple, interrupted us in prayer, claiming that he had the authority of the Magistrate to officially appoint Simon Hay as a Jewish judge and to inform us of the obligation to pay a weekly fee for beggars, just as the Tolerance Tax is also paid according to the lump sum estimate of the Stein brothers. All this was communicated to us in the form of an order, with the threat that we would suffer severe consequences if we did not obey it. 4. Until now, we had the obligation to pay the rabbi, or more precisely the miner, 4 florins a week, and the Stein brothers in question, without our knowledge, increased that fee to the amount of 10 florins, as well as the fees for worship that we have been paying for 15 years. Another building was erected in the cemetery, also without any prior knowledge of it, and we are forced to bear the financial burden for it as well. 5. Finally, the latest charge they have burdened us with is that we pay the miner 3 krajcars for slaughtering chickens, or 9 krajcars for slaughtering geese. We therefore ask the Supreme Magistrate to prevent the above abuses and to determine the exact amount we should pay in connection with our obligations. In Sombor, on June 19, 1820, the humble servants of the exalted Magistrate David Hollender, Laurentius Hertzeg, Jacobus Stein, Israel Herczeg and Michael Hecht members of the Jewish community. Protocol number 543 It was decided: To take a statement from Lazarus and Leopold Stein before making a decision. In the Senate of the city of Sombor, June 20, 1820 Issued by Joannem Lippay, a notary authorized by the Magistrate

Original

Translation

Amplissime Magistratus, Domini Singulariter Colendissimi!

Si etiam aliquis disordo inter gremiales Judaos obtinet ille non nobis uti ab adverso pretenditur, sed inquietudini instantium adscribi debet; hi enim Scioli omnia illa que alter etiam si sapientissime instituat, non bene facta esse sibi imaginantur hocque tantum rectum, quod sapiunt ipsi putant.
Taxa Tolerantialis quam Judai dependere obligantur, pro tuitione aliisque beneficiis quibus in Regno hocce presumentum solvendam habent; cum ergo beneficia hac et tuitio aequalis omnium esset, nihil omnino obverti potest, cum hanc taxam omnes aequaliter solvere non deberemus, neque instantes id pro argumento assumere possunt, quod illi qui facultatibus magis gaudent, plus aliis hoc …… Solvant, hoc enim non procedis ob obligatione perfecta, verum dumtaxat, ex amore erga sua religionis homines et studio miserionibus succurendi, pro quo favore miserior classis gratitudinem suam ut testerur oportet.
Ad 2um verum quidem esse quod nos cum consensu etiam reliquorum, pro miseris et ostiatim mendicantibus religionis nostre hominibus liberam hebdomadatim collectam instituendam ordinaverimus aut queso dicant instantes an institutum isthoc mali aliquid in se contineat; Certe nihil cum liberum sit cuique tantundem conforte quantum vires ejus admissunt, ut ab importunitate mendicantium libeuntur; illi autem qui nihil hoc …….. dare potest nihil altique confect.
Ad 3um Nos Judicem elegisse verum non est, sed saltem Synagoga antesignanum qui Rationes Ducat quod Simon Hay electus sit per nos hoc eqidem non stat, sed per alios etiam Judaos, illi vero tanto magis eligi potuit cum scriptura quarum rationes ducere valleat et pro functione huc habilis sit, neque hacdum functione huc functus est, alii vero omnes Judei qui habilitatem habuerant, antesignani fuerant.
Ad 4a Rabinum non nos sed communitas conduxit neque verum est quod illi 10fni solvantum sed septem florini, sed hec etiam conventio jam ussavit cum instantas preterea temporis alium sibi conduxerint et medio illius jugulari curent pecora. – Domus Comunialis erecta est quidem per nos sed hac ……….. hucdum ab instantibus nihil pretendebamus et cum hec constitutio necessaria fuerit et salutaris sit Amplissimi Magistratus gratioso Judicio relinquimus an non reliqui etiam Judai ad erogationes interea per nos suppeditatos concurrere teneantur, cum commodum pari ratone ex erectione huc persentiant. – Rationes Ecclesia ac 15 annis qualiter nos prestare debeamus cum nec in minimo ad perceptiones in fluxecimus et hec etiam expositio non stat, sum Synagoga moderna non nisi a 11 annis erecta habeatur, quamodo erga a 15 annis rationes pretendi possunt non pervidemus.
Ad 5a Sufficiat dicere quod hoc consuetudo sit ubique locorum ut a mactatione pullorum et anserum Rabino aliqua Taxa solvatur et alioquin partem conventionis ejus hec quoque depensio constituit.
Ex hac sunt Amplissime Magistratus que in vim ad instantiam isthic adnexam declarandum habemus et cum supplicatione quatenus nos ab iniqua instantiam impetitione absolvere dignaretur. Omni cum venerationis cultu perseverando.

Amplissimi Magistratus
Humillimi servi
Lazarus et Leopoldus Stein Judai gremiales

Amplissime Magistratus!

Disordo, qui inter Mosaica Religionis gremiales inhabitatores obtineat – silentia amplius preteriri nequit. Enim vero preterquam, quod Quantum Contributionale modernis ordius temporum adjunctis summa cum intensione virium et facultatum nostrarum solvamus, nobis alia quoque onera arbitraria passim, ac megaliter inponuntur quorum summam sequentibus recensendam esse duximus.
1.In repartitione Taxa Tolerantialis – nulla Clavis elaborata habetur, verum depensio eiusdem arbitraria per prepotentes et predominantes Lazarum et Leopoldum fratres Stein nobis imponitur.
2.IIdem fratres Stein induxerunt obligationem collectam omni hebdomada cum defixa et per eos abusive ejecta quantitate pro parte mendicorum Judaicorum faciendi. Quis quaso nos ad officium hocce humanitatis ope nimirum egeno succurendi perfecte obligabit? Si enim annorum Mendici domatim per seu ritus homines sine imploranda elemosina oberrent, cur nostrates idem non facerent, rationem nullam prorsus pervidemus. Inquantum vero prementionatis Lazaro et Leopoldo Stein, derogaminosum esse videretur, ut Mendici Judaici Domos eorundem accedant, libere seu menstrue, seu hebdomadaliter contribuant mendicis, quantum velint, dummodo nos etiam ad similes imperfectas obligationes necessario prestandas non addigamur.
3.In electione Judicis Judaici atque nos …… esse persenti scimus, siquidem is non per communitatem nostram suo modo congregatam eligatur, verum prepotentia antelatorum fratrum Stein nobis nescitis arbitrarie talis preponitur. Id ipsum recentiori casu accidit, ut Perillustris d. Mathias Jozity, qua Magistratualiter /uti asserebat/ ex inissus Templum nostrum ingressus sit, et devotionem nostram interumpendo obligationem tam Simonem Hay pro Judice Judaico recognascendi quam etiam Hebdomadalem Taxam pro parte Mendicorum adrepartitam prestandi, sicut et Taxam Tolerantialem per sepedictos fratres Stein nobis arbitrarie adrepartitam pendendi eo cum jussu imposuit, quod secus - gravem animadversionem experiundam habeamus. Quod attinet.
4.Rem Sacram Vice Rabinus, aut potius Schachterius, quem hucadusque cum solutione 4or fn hebdomadalium habueramus recenter per prerecensitos fratres Stein absque prescitu nostra electus et conductus a 10 florinis Rationes item Ecclesiasticae a 15em annis nec dum prestita preterea Domus in Coemeterio absque prescitu nostro erecta, et exstanta habetur – ad quorum onerum supportationem nos etiam vocamus.
5.Excogitatus est adhuc novior ……. nos delumbandi, ut insuper Schachterio a mactatione pulli 3xr ab ab anseris vero mactatione 9xr solvamus.
Supplicamus proinde Amplissimo Magistratui quatenus preexpositos abusus tollere et certam et determinatam intuitu omnium gerendorum negotiorum nobis defigere perseverando. Zomborini 19a Junii 1820. Amplissimus Magistratus humillimi famuli David Hollender, Laurentius Hertzeg, Jacobus Stein, Israel Herczeg et Michael Hecht Judai gremiales.

N. Pr. Pol. 543
Determinatum est:
Cum Lazaro et Leopoldo Stein fine prestandi desuper Responsi communicari. In Senatu Zombor 20a Junii 1820. Celebrato.

Extradatum per Joannem Lippay magistratualiter ordinatus notarius

Exalted Magistrate, esteemed gentlemen!

If there is a problem in the Jewish community, it was caused by those who filed the complaint, not us - as they are trying to present. Namely, these ignorant people imagine that what someone wisely devises and decides is bad, holding that the only right thing is what they think.
1. The Tolerance Tax, which Jews are obliged to pay, is charged in this Kingdom for tuition and various other privileges they have. Since these privileges and tuition fees are the same for everyone, it is not at all unusual that we are all obliged to pay the fee in equal measure and what the complainants are trying to cite as an argument that those who enjoy greater opportunities should pay more does not stand. In addition to this obligation, it is natural that out of love for people of our religion and compassion for the unfortunate, we also help those as much as we can, while it is up to the poor to show us due gratitude for that.
2. It is true that we, in agreement with other Jews, have decided to collect donations on a weekly basis for the poor and beggars of our faith, and there is no malversation in that, as the complainants try to insinuate. It is a voluntary contribution in money where everyone contributes in accordance with their abilities to help the beggars and the unfortunate, and those who are not able are not even obliged to give anything.
3. It is not true that the two of us chose a judge, but only a person in charge of the synagogue for the treasury, and Simon Hay was chosen for that position, and not only we, but also other Jews chose him, and only because he is suitable for this position, since to know accounting. This function has been performed before and can be performed by all Jews who understand accounting.
4. The rabbi was also not elected by the two of us, but by the Jewish community, and it is not true that 10 florins are paid to the person in question, but 7, and that is a common tradition and not a novelty, as the complainants try to present. The municipal home was erected on our initiative, and this building was necessary and useful, as the exalted Magistrate estimated when he issued a permit for its construction. It is also not worth insisting on religious donations for 15 years, since we have had a modern synagogue for only 11 years, so we do not see how its maintenance is paid for 15 years, as the complainants claim.
5. Suffice it to say that everywhere it is customary to pay a certain fee to a rabbi for slaughtering chickens and geese, and that is one of the benefits that every rabbi enjoys.
This is what we have to state at the request of the exalted Magistrate on the subject of the appeal attached here, and we ask that the complaint in question be declared completely unfounded. With respect and appreciation

Humble servants
Of the Exalted Magistrate
Lazarus and Leopold Stein
Members of the Jewish community

Exalted Magistrate!

The problem that exists among the members of the community of the Moses faith can no longer be ignored and kept silent about. Especially since we are not able to pay the new levies and taxes that have been imposed on us lately, and that is extremely flat, and in our opinion, the lump sum expenses are very high and burdensome for us, so we think that the following should be well considered:
1. There is no well-thought-out system in collecting the Tolerance Tax, but its payment is imposed on us by the powerful and hanged brothers Lazar and Leopold Stein.
2. These same Stein brothers introduced the obligation to collect a weekly contribution for beggars among the Jews, and we hold that they are abusing it. Namely, who has the power to force us who are poor ourselves to collect voluntary contributions? Namely, if the beggars have been going door to door asking for alms for years, we see no reason to be forced to collect a voluntary contribution for them. It is all the more inappropriate that beggars among Jews certainly come to the homes of the mentioned brothers Lazar and Leopold Stein on a monthly and weekly basis, so they can give them as much as they want, while we are not obliged to fulfill such and similar obligations.
3. We have no influence on the election of a judge among the Jews, because he is not elected by gathering our community for that, but by the pure will of the mentioned Stein brothers and by criteria unknown to us. Recently, it happened that the Most Reverend Mr. Matija Jozić entered our temple, interrupted us in prayer, claiming that he had the authority of the Magistrate to officially appoint Simon Hay as a Jewish judge and to inform us of the obligation to pay a weekly fee for beggars, just as the Tolerance Tax is also paid according to the lump sum estimate of the Stein brothers. All this was communicated to us in the form of an order, with the threat that we would suffer severe consequences if we did not obey it.
4. Until now, we had the obligation to pay the rabbi, or more precisely the miner, 4 florins a week, and the Stein brothers in question, without our knowledge, increased that fee to the amount of 10 florins, as well as the fees for worship that we have been paying for 15 years. Another building was erected in the cemetery, also without any prior knowledge of it, and we are forced to bear the financial burden for it as well.
5. Finally, the latest charge they have burdened us with is that we pay the miner 3 krajcars for slaughtering chickens, or 9 krajcars for slaughtering geese.
We therefore ask the Supreme Magistrate to prevent the above abuses and to determine the exact amount we should pay in connection with our obligations.

In Sombor, on June 19, 1820, the humble servants of the exalted Magistrate David Hollender, Laurentius Hertzeg, Jacobus Stein, Israel Herczeg and Michael Hecht members of the Jewish community.

Protocol number 543
It was decided:
To take a statement from Lazarus and Leopold Stein before making a decision. In the Senate of the city of Sombor, June 20, 1820

Issued by Joannem Lippay, a notary authorized by the Magistrate